Blog

Victoria Kivilevich, Director of Threat Research

Bottom Line Up Front

• Following recent hacks of Uber and Rockstar Games, KELA decided to take a look at attacks that started with compromised corporate credentials being leaked or traded in the cybercrime ecosystem.
• Nowadays, this ecosystem enables threat actors to easily acquire such credentials that were accessed by information-stealing malware and offered for sale on automated botnet marketplaces, such as Genesis, Russian Market and TwoEasy. 
• While some threat actors are looking for banking and e-commerce credentials that they can use to cash out easily by stealing money from a compromised account, smarter attackers target organizations and their corporate credentials. These attackers are exchanging tips for finding such credentials, and they use the cybercrime ecosystem to buy them for a few dollars. 
• Luckily, defenders can access the same cybercrime ecosystem and can have the same visibility as a threat actor that is planning an attack. Threat intelligence solutions can be used effectively to monitor exposed assets and reduce attack surface by remediating exposures or taking down compromised data. 
• It’s crucial to consider not only direct assets of the company, but also workspaces hosted by third parties, with Slack being a perfect example: based on KELA’s research, thousands of unique workspaces were compromised and could be used for attacks similar to the Electronic Arts incident.
• The evolution of cybercrime — focusing on servitization (paying for a service instead of buying the equipment) and sales automation, as well as increased visibility of goods — will drive more threat actors to use this ecosystem.

When a big-scale cyberattack happens, every security professional on the side of a victim can’t help but ask, “At which point could we stop it?” A decade ago, the answer would have focused mostly on suspicious activity inside a compromised network: what software, what policies and what people failed to detect unauthorized access and malicious activity. 

Back then, enterprise defenders had low visibility into the reconnaissance stage of attacks, which includes a threat actor researching a target and gathering information that may help to compromise the company. Threat actors, in their turn, were more used to orchestrate targeted attacks (think of ransomware incidents) from scratch, having less visibility into already-performed opportunistic attacks such as phishing campaigns. 

Nowadays, a growing cybercrime ecosystem enables threat actors to obtain and use data gained by other actors, turning one attacker’s trash into another attacker’s treasure. From malware-as-a-service to stolen databases and exposed credit card data an attacker familiar with cybercrime marketplaces and forums can access a variety of services and data with one click and a few dollars. Thus, opportunistic attacks serve as a source for targeted big attacks that end up in media headlines. 

Luckily — coming back to the question “At which point could we stop it?” — defenders can access the same cybercrime ecosystem and can have the same visibility as a threat actor that is planning an attack. This access means that they could intervene as “defender-in-the-middle” — in between opportunistic and targeted attacks, with this middle being cybercrime sources. 

A skilled and equipped defender can access these markets and forums, find their company’s exposed information and act to prevent further exploitation of this data. To discuss it practically, let’s take a look at the recent attacks that started with a piece of information being leaked or traded in the cybercrime ecosystem, namely, credentials acquired by information-stealing malware, which becomes a popular attack vector.

Irina Nesterovsky, Chief Research Officer

At KELA, we meet and work with companies from various geographies and languages, yet everyone keeps asking the same question: “Do you cover Spanish/French/Arabic/Younameit cybercrime sources?”. First, the answer is “yes” (isn’t that always the case?), but we also have a more in-depth one – such in which we say that a threat against any company, no matter the vertical, no matter the size, is not confined to a language or geography.

What’s interesting about cybercrime, especially one targeted at enterprises and their clients – is that the criminals perpetrating it don’t have to be your countrymen or even speak your language to pose a threat to your organization.

As an example, let’s look into some of the most high-profile cybercrime communities discussing various schemes and trading in network accesses, databases, and others just for monetary gain. Those – taking as an example the Exploit and XSS forums – happen to be run by Russian-speaking threat actors, who will also use English to correspond with their fellow foreign cybercriminals. The targets and victims discussed by those cybercriminals vary and can include any company worldwide – regardless of their residence. And while, as seen in KELA’s review of Initial Access Brokers trends, the leading country with companies compromised through network access is still the US, it is also followed by the UK, Brazil, Canada, and India.

KELA Cyber Intelligence Center

In recent years, information-stealing Trojans have become a very popular attack vector. This type of malware is used for harvesting saved information on machines including usernames and passwords (“logs”) which are further sold on automated botnet marketplaces such as RussianMarket, TwoEasy, and Genesis, or privately. If purchased by threat actors, these credentials pose a significant risk to an organization, as they allow actors to access various resources which may result in data exfiltration, lateral movement, and malware deployment, such as ransomware.

Some of the most popular info-stealers advertised on cybercrime forums and identified on these marketplaces are RedLine, Raccoon, and Vidar. While some of these commodity stealers remain relevant, KELA observed that the threat landscape started to change under various conditions. The Russia-Ukraine war, the info-stealer operators’ need to improve malware capabilities, and their financial motivation, resulted in new stealers and services becoming available.

This report focuses on the currently active information stealers, highlighting the evolution of the old stealers, as well as the debut of new ones.